Symbols are
more difficult to
describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate
relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater
provides performers with an auditory symbol
of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison,
applauding can be
a symbol of the
audience’s discontent with
the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.
Although signals, signs,
symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in
communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender
being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas,
interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be
used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To
radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems,
electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more
means of communication on the horizon.
Although
speech is generally
accepted as the most advanced form
of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words.
1.
Which the following would be the best title for the
passage?
A. Signs and Sign.
B. Gestures.
C. Communication.
D. Speech.
2. What does the author say
about speech?
A. It is the only true of
communication.B. It is the dependent upon the advances made by inventors.
C. It is necessary for communication to occur.
D .It is the most advanced from of communication.
3. The phrase impinge upon in paragraph 1 closest in meaning to
4. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to
6 . The word intricate in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by which the following?
7. Applauding was cited as an example of
8. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?
A. Intrude.
B. Improve.
C. Vary.
D. Prohibit.
A. Function.
B. Signal.
C. Environment.
D. Way.
5. The
word potential in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. Range.
B. Advantage.
C. Organization .
D. Possibility.
A. Inefficient.
B. Complicated.
C. Historical.
D. Uncertain.
A. A signal.
B. A sign.
C. A symbol.
D. Gesture.
A. People were unable to understand signs,
symbols, and signals.
B.
People wanted to communicate across long distance.
C.
People believed that signs, signals, and symbol were absolete.
D. People wanted new forms of
entertainment.
PROBLEM 110- Condition and Unexpected Result
– Despite and In spite of
Remember
that despite and in spite of have the same meaning. They introduce a contradiction
in a sentence or clause of cause-and-result.
Despite noun
Despite his
denial, we knew that he was
guilty
In spite of noun
In spite of his
denial, we knew that he was
guilty
Avoid using of with despite.
Avoid omitting of after in spite.
Examples
Incorrect :
Despite of the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
Correct :
Despite the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled. Or
In spite of the light rain, the
baseball game was not canceled.
Incorrect :
Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement.
Correct :
Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite their
disagreement. Or
Dick and Sarah are still planning to get
married in spite of their disagreement.
Incorrect :
In spite the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before
class.
Correct :
Despite the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment
before class. Or
In spite of the interruption, she was
still able to finish her assignment before class.
Incorrect :
Despite of their quarrel, they are very good friends.
Correct :
Despite their quarrel, they are very good friends. Or
In spite of their quarrel, they are
very good friends.
Incorrect :
In spite the delay, they arrived on time.
Correct :
In spite of the delay, they arrived on time. Or
Despite the delay, they arrived on
time.
PROBLEM 111 - Cause – Because
of and Because
Remember that because of is a prepositional phrase. It
introduces a noun or a noun phrase. Because
is a conjunction. It introduces a clause with a subject and a verb.
Because S V
They decided to stay at home because the weather
was bad or
Because of noun
They decided to stay at home because
of the weather
Avoid
using because of before a subject and
verb. Avoid using because before a
noun which is not followed by a verb.
Examples
Incorrect
: Classes will be canceled tomorrow because a national holiday.
Correct :
Classes will be canceled tomorrow because it is a national holiday. Or
Classes will be canceled tomorrow because
of a national holiday.
Incorrect :
She was absent because of her cold was worse.
Correct :
She was absent because her cold was worse. Or
She was absent because of her cold.
Incorrect :
John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship.
Correct :
John’s family is very happy because he has been awarded a scholarship. Or
John’s family is very happy because of his
being awarded a scholarship.
Incorrect :
She didn’t buy it because of the price was too high.
Correct :
She didn’t buy it because the price was too high. Or
She didn’t buy it because of the price.
Incorrect :
It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.
Correct :
It was difficult to see the road clearly because it was raining. Or
It was difficult to see the road clearly because
of the rain.
PROBLEM 112 - Cause – From
Remember that from means caused by. It is usually used
after adjectives.
Adjective from noun-ing noun
The chair are wet from the rain
The chair are wet from sitting out in the rain
Avoid using for
before the –ing noun.
Examples
Incorrect :
Be careful not to get sunburned from stay out on the beach too long.
Correct :
Be careful not to get sunburned from staying out on the beach too long.
Incorrect :
We felt sleepy all day for watching television so late last night.
Correct :
We felt sleepy all day from watching television so late last night.
Incorrect :
Joe is going to get sick to study too much.
Correct :
Joe is going to get sick from studying too much.
Incorrect :
If you go early, you will get nervous to waiting.
Correct :
If you go early, you will get nervous from waiting.
Incorrect :
The car is really hot from to sit in the sun all day.
Correct :
The car is really hot from sitting in the sun all day.
PROBLEM 113- Purpose – For
Remember
that for is used before a noun to
express purpose for a tool or instrument. Some nouns are –ing form.
Noun (instrument) for noun –ing
noun
This is a good book for research
This is a good book for researching the topic
Avoid using for to
before the –ing noun.
Note : The infinitive is the most common way to express
purpose. The infinitive can be used in all situations. For with an –ing form
usually limited to situations in which there is an instrument named.
Examples
Incorrect :
I bought a trunk for to store my winter clothes.
Correct :
I bought a trunk for storing my winter clothes. Or
I bought a trunk to store my winter
clothes.
Incorrect :
She has a CB radio in her car to emergencies.
Correct :
She has a CB radio in her car for emergencies. Or
She has a CB radio in her car to help
in emergencies.
Incorrect :
Each room has its own thermostat for to control the temperature.
Correct :
Each room has its own thermostat for controlling the temperature. Or
Each room has its own thermostat to
control the temperature.
Incorrect :
Sam needs another VCR for copy videotapes.
Correct :
Sam needs another VCR for copying videotapes. Or
Sam needs another VCR to copy
videotapes.
Incorrect :
Why don’t you use the microscope in the lab for examine the specimen?
Correct :
Why don’t you use the microscope in the lab for examining the specimen? Or
Why don’t you use the microscope in the lab to
examine the specimen?
PROBLEM 114- Means – By
Remember
that by expressed means. A phrase
with by answers the question how?
Avoid using an infinitive instead of an –ing form.
By -ing
This report was written by programming a computer
Examples
Incorrect :
You can win by to practice.
Correct :
You can win by practicing.
Incorrect :
Make a reservation for calling our 800 number.
Correct :
Make a reservation by calling our 800 number.
Incorrect :
Beverly lost weight for hiking.
Correct :
Beverly lost weight by hiking.
Incorrect :
Gloria made a lot of friends to working in cafeteria.
Correct :
Gloria made a lot of friends by working in cafeteria.
Incorrect :
Choose the correct answer for making the letter that corresponds to it on the
answer sheet.
Correct :
Choose the correct answer by making the letter that corresponds to it on
the answer sheet.
PROBLEM 115- Time Limit – From, To
Remember
that from introduces a time and to sets a limit.
From time to limit
The group was popular from
the 1980s to the 1990s
Avoid
using for instead of from and instead of to.
Examples
Incorrect :
I need you to baby-sit from six o’clock and ten-thirty.
Correct :
I need you to baby-sit from six o’clock to ten-thirty.
Incorrect :
The class is scheduled for January 15 to May 7.
Correct :
The class is scheduled from January 15 to May 7.
Incorrect :
You could have a room from Monday and Friday, but we are booked over the
weekend.
Correct :
You could have a room from Monday to Friday, but we are booked over the
weekend.
Incorrect :
She was a student here to 1990 to 1995.
Correct :
She was a student here from 1990 to 1995.
Incorrect :
The ticket is valid from June and September.
Correct :
The ticket is valid from June to September.
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