Fifth Meeting

     

          During  the  nineteenth  century,  women  in the United States organized and participated in a large number of reform movements, including movements to reorganize the prison system, improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant rights to people who were denied them, and, most importantly, free slaves. Some women saw similarities in the social status of women   and slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for the rights of women but also fervent abolitionists who fought to do away with slavery. These brave people were social leaders who supported  the  rights  of  both women and blacks. They were fighting against a belief that voting should be tied to land ownership, and because land was owned by men, and in some cases by their widows, only those who held the greatest stake in government, that is the male landowners, were considered worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the requirements.

         A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also supported the rights of women to speak and to participate equally with men in  antislavery activities. Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism offered women a previously denied entry into politics. They became involved primarily in order to better their living conditions and improve the conditions of others. However, they gained the respect of those they convinced and also earned the right to be considered equal citizens.

            When  the  civil  war between  the North and the South ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence more and more women to demand the right to vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but the states on the East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before. A women’s suffrage bill had been presented to every Congress since 1878, but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.

During  the  nineteenth  century,  women  in the United States organized and participated in a large number of reform movements,

1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

A. The Wyoming Territory

B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments

C. Abolitionists

D. Women’s suffrage

2. The word ban in paragraph 1 most nearly means to

A. Encourage

B. Publish

C. prohibit.

D. limit

3. The word primarily in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. above all        

B. Somewhat                                    

C. finally

D. always

4. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?

A.   The Wyoming Territory was admitted to the Union

B.    A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in  Congress  

C.   The eastern states resisted the end of the war

D.    Black people were granted the right to vote

5. The word suffrage in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?

A.   pain

B.   Citizenship

C.   freedom from bondage

D.   the right to vote

6. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to

A.   bill

B.   Congress

C.   Nineteenth Amendment

D.   vote

7. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?

A.   Voting rights for blacks

B.   Citizenship for blacks

C.   Voting rights for women

D.   Citizenship for women

8. When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?

A.   After 1866.

B.   After 1870.

C.   After 1878.

D.   After 1920

Problem 122:  Planned Result – So That

 Remember that so that introduces a clause of planned result.

 S                   V                                so that        S          V

He     is studying    hard    so that         he    can pass his exam

 Avoid using so instead of so that as a purpose connector in written English.

     Note: in spoken English, so instead of so that  is often used. In written English, so that is preferred.

Examples

Incorrect: He borrowed the money so he could finish his education.

Correct  : He borrowed the money so that he could finish his education.

Incorrect: Larry took a bus from New York to California so he could see the country.

Correct  : Larry took a bus from New York to California so that he could see the country.

Incorrect:  Many men join fraternities so they will be assured of group support.

Correct  :  Many men join fraternities so that they will be assured of group support.

Incorrect:  Don’t forget to register this week so you can vote in the election.

Correct  :  Don't forget to register this week so that you can vote in the election.

Incorrect:  Every student needs a social security number so he can get a university identification card made.

Correct  :  Every student needs a social security number so that he can get a university identification card made.

Problem 123:   Future Result –When

Remember thatwhenintroduces a clause of condition for future result.

RESULT        CONDITION

V (present)

S              V (will + verb word)      when   S V (present)

The temperature      drops            when         the sun        set

The temperature      drops            when         the sun        set

Avoid usingwillinstead of a present verb afterwhen.

Examples

Incorrect:  I will call you when I will return from my country.

Correct  :  I will call youwhenIreturnfrom my country.

Problem 124                      Indirect Question

Remember that question words can be used as conjuntions . question words introduce a clause of indirect question .

Question word include the following :

Who , what , what time , when , where , why , how , how long , how many , how much .

S                              V                             Question Word                S                              V

I               don’t remember                   what                        her name                    is

V                             S                              QuestionWord                 S                              V

Do                     you   remember             what                  her name                       is?

                Avoid using do , does , or did after question word .  Avoid using the verb before the subject  after question word.

Examples

Incorrect : I didn’t undestood what did he say.

Correct   : I didn’t understand  what  he said.

Incorrect : Do you know how much do they cost ?

Correct  : Do you know how much they cost.

Incorrect : I wonder when is her birthday.

Correct   : I wonder when her birthday is.

Incorrect : Could you please tell me where is the post office ?

Correct   : Could you please tell me where the post office is?

Incorrect : Can they tell you what time does the movie start?

Correct   : Can they tell you what time the movie start?

Problem 125                      Question Words with- ever

                Remember that -ever means  any , Whoever and Whomever mean anyone , whatever means anything , wherever , means anywhere , whenever means anytime , however , means  any way.

S              V                             -Ever                     S                              V

I               agree    with      whatever          you                    decide

                Avoid using any instead of -ever . avoid using -ever before instead of after the question word.

Examples

Incorrect : We can leave ever when Donna is ready.

Correct   : We can leave whenever Donna is ready.

Incorrect : Order any what you like.

Correct   : Order any whatever you like.

Incorrect : The representative will vote for whom the membership supports

Correct   : The representative will vote for whomever the membership supports.

Incorrect : Feel free to present your projects ever how you wish.

Correct   : Feel free to present your projects ever  however you wish.

Incorrect : I can meet with you ever you have the time .

Correct   : I can meet with you whenever you have the time .