The
next year, fort Amsterdam was built by the company at the extreme southern tip
of the island. Because attempts to encourage Dutch immigration were not
immediately successful, offers, generous by the standards of the era, were extended throughout Europe.
Consequently, the settlement became the most heterogeneous of the North
American colonies. By 1637, the fort had expanded into the village of New
Amsterdam, other small communities had grown up around it, including New
Haarlem and Stuyvesant’s Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper,
developing characteristics of religious and linguistic tolerance unusual for
the times. By 1643, it was reported that eighteen different languages could be
heard in New Amsterdam alone.
Among
the multilingual settlers was a large group of English colonists from
Connecticut and Massachusetts who supported the English King’s claim to all of
New Netherlands set out in a charter that gave the territory to his brother
James, Duke of New York. In 1644, when the English sent a formidable fleet of
warships into the New Amsterdam harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant
surrendered without resistance.
When the English acquired the island, the village of New
Amsterdam was renamed New York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the
Revolution, New York City was already a bustling commercial center. After the
war, it was selected as the first capital of the United States. Although the
government was eventually moved, first to Philadelphia and then to Washington,
D. C., New York maintained its status. It became a haven for pirates who
conspired with leading merchants to exchange supplies for their ships in return
for a share in the plunder. As a colony, New York exchanged many agricultural
products for English manufactured goods. In addition, trade with the West
Indies prospered. Three centuries after his initial trade with the Native
Americans, Minuit’s tiny investment was worth more that seven billion dollars.
In
1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in North America known as
New Amsterdam,
1. Which
of the following would be the best title for this passage ?
A. A History of New York city
B. An
Account of the Dutch Colonies
C. A
Biography of Peter Minuit
D. The
Frist capital of the united states
2. What
did the Native Americans receive in exchange for their island?
A. Sixty
Dutch guilders
B. $24.12 U. S.
C. Goods
and supplies
D. Land in
New Amsterdam
3. Where was New Amsterdam located?
A. In Holland
B. In North America
C. On the
island of Manhattan
D. In India
4. What does the author mean by the statement
: Because attempts to encourage Dutch immigration were not immediately
successful, offers, generous by the standards of the era, were extended
throughout Europe?
A. Other Europeans were
given opportunities to immigrate to the
new world after a slow response by the Dutch
B. Since the Dutch immigration was so
successful, opportunities were provided for the Europeans to immigrate to the
new world also
C.
The Dutch took advantage of opportunities to immigrate to Europe instead of to
the new world
D.
Immigration to the new world required that the Dutch and other Europeans wait
until opportunities were available
5. The
word heterogeneous in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. Liberal
B. renowned
C.
diverse
D.
prosperous
6. why were so many languages spoken in New
Amsterdam?
A.
The Dutch West India Company was owned by England
B.
The Dutch West India Company allowed freedom of speech
C. The Dutch West India Company recruited settlers from many
different countries in Europe
D. The Indians who lived there before the
Dutch West India Company purchase spoke many languages
7. The word formidable in paragraph 3 is
closest in meaning to
A. powerful
B.
Modern
C.
Expensive
D.
unexpected
8.
The word it in paragraph 4 refers to
A. Revolution
B. New York City
C. the
island
D. the first
capital
9. Which
city was the first capital of the new Unite
states?
A. New Amsterdam
B. New York city
C.
Philadelphia
D.
Washington
10. On
what date was Manhattan valued at $7 billion?
A. 1626
B. 1726
C. 1656
D. 1926
PROBLEM WITH ADVERBS AND
ADVERB-RELATED STRUCTURES
Adverbs
and adverb phrases add information to sentences . they add information about manner , that is , how something is done
, frequency or often , time and date or often , time and date or when , and duration of
time or how long.
126 Problem Adverbs
of Manner
Remember
that adverbs of manner describe the manner in which something is done . they
answer the question , how? Adverbs of
manner ussually end in -ly.
S V Adverb(manner)
The class listened attentively to the lecture
Avoid
using an adjective instead of an adverb of manner . Avoid using an adverb of
manner between the two words of an infinitive.
Examples
Incorrect : After only six months in the
United States , Jack understood everyone perfect.
Correct
: After only six months in the United States , Jack understood everyone perfectly.
Incorrect : Please do exact as your doctor
says.
Correct
: Please do exactly as your doctor says.
Incorrect : From the top of the Empire State
Building , tourist are able to clear see New York.
Correct
: From the top of the Empire State Building , tourist are able to clearly
see New York.
Incorrect : Broad speaking , curriculum
includes all experience which the student may have within the environment of
the school.
Correct : Broadly speaking , curriculum
includes all experience which the student may have within the environment of
the school.
Incorrect : Passanger travel comfortable and
safely in the new jumbo jets.
Correct
: Passanger travel comfortably
and safely in the new jumbo jets.
Problem
127 Adverb of Manner - Fast , Late , and Hard
Remember
that although most adverbs of manner end in -ly
, fast . late and hard do not
have -ly end -ings.
S V Fast
This medication relieves headaches fast
S V Late
This roommate returned home late last night
S V Hard
The team played hard
Avoid
using the incorrect forms fastly and lately and hardly
Note
: Lately and hardly are not adverb forms of late
and hard . lately means recently . hardly
means almost not at all.
Examples
Incorrect : Helen types fastly and
efficiently.
Correct
: Helen types fast and efficiently.
Incorrect : The plane is scheduled to arrive
lately because of bad weather.
Correct
: The plane is scheduled to arrive late because of bad weather.
Incorrect : Although he tried as hardly as he
could , he didn’t win te race .
Correct
: Although he tried as hard as he could , he didn’t win te race.
Incorrect : When students register lately for
classes , they must pay an additional fee.
Correct
: When students register late for classes , they must pay an
additional fee.
Incorrect : First class mail travels as fastly
as airmail now.
Correct : First class mail travels as fast as
airmail now.
Problem 128 Sometime
and Sometimes
Remember that sometime means at some time in the indefinite future . sometime means occasionally.
Sometime is ussualy used after a
verb . sometime is ussualy used at
the beginning or end of a sentence or a
clause.
Sometime answer the question , when ? sometimes answer the question , how
often?
No specific date in the future
S V Sometime
My family will call me long distance sometime
Occasionally
Sometimes S V
Sometimes my family calls me long distance
Avoid using sometimesinstead of sometime
to express an indefinite time in the future .
Examples
Incorrect : Let’s
have lunch sometimes .
Correct : Let’s have lunch sometime. (no
specific date in the future)
Incorrect : It is
cool now, but sometime it gets very warm here .
Correct : It is cool now, but sometimes it
gets very warm here . (occasionally)
Incorrect : janet
would like to travel sometimes . but right now she has to finish her degree.
Correct : janet would like to travel sometime.
but right now she has to finish her degree. ( no specific date in the future )
Incorrect : Why
don’t you call me sometimes ?
Correct : Why don’t you call me sometime? (no
specific date in the future)
Incorrect : Sometime
car manufactures must recall certain models because of detects in design.
Correct :Sometimes car manufactures must
recall certain models because of detects in design. (occasinally)
Problem 129 Negative
Emphasis
Remember that negatives include phrases like not
one , not once , not until never , never again , only rarely , and very seldom. Negatives answer question , wow
often ? they are used at the beginning of a statement to experess emphasis
. auxiliaries must agree with verbs and subjects.
Negative auxiliary S V
Never have i seen so much snow
Aviod using a subject before the auxiliary
in this pattern .
Examples
Incorrect : Never
again they will stay in that hotel
Correct : Never again will they stay in that
hotel
Incorrect : Only
rarely an accident has occured
Correct : only rarely has an accident occured
Incorrect : very
seldom a movie can hold my attention like this one
Correct :very seldom can a movie hold my
attention like this one
Incorrect : note one
paper she has finished on time.
Correct : note one paper hasshe finished on
time
Incorrect : not once
steve and jan have invited us to their house
Correct :not once have steve and jan invited
us to their house
Problem 130 Introductory
Adverbial Modifiers - Once
Remember that once means at one time in the past . once answers the question , when?once is often used as an introductory adverbial
modifier . It modifies the main subject that follows the clause.
Once noun
, S V
Once a salesman , pete has been promoted to district manager
Avoid using that before once .
Examples
Incorrect : That
once a student at State University , he is now an engineer for an American
company
Correct :Onceastudent at State University ,
he is now an engineer for an American company
Incorrect : Once that
a clerk in a grocery store , Helen is now a policewoman
Correct : Once a clerk in a grocery store ,
Helen is now a policewoman
Incorrect : that one
a citizen of Ireland , he is now applying for permanent residency in Canada
Correct : once a citizen of Ireland , he is
now applying for permanent residency in Canada
Incorrect : it was
one Republicans , we usually vote for Democratic candidates now
Correct : once Republicans , we usually vote
for Democratic candidates now
Incorrect : that
once an avid soccer fan , he is now becoming more interested in American
football
Correct :once an avid soccer fan , he is now
becoming more interested in American football
Problem
131
Correct : While
(tourists) in Washington, D.C., they saw the Capital Building where
Congress meets. or
While they were (tourists)
in Washington, D.C., they saw the Capital Building where Congress
meets. or
When they were (tourists)
in Washington, D.C., they saw the Capital Building where Congress meets.
Correct : I
was very homesick _while_a student____ abroad. or
I was very homesick while i was a student
abroad. or
I was very homesick when i was
a student abroad.
Correct : while still a teaching assistant, he was doing important research.
or
while he was still a teaching assistant, he was
doing important research.
or
when he was still a teaching assistant, he was
doing important research.
Correct :
According to the newspapers, he accepted bribes while a high offical of the
government.
or
According
to the newspapers, he accepted bribes while he was a high
official of the government.
or
According to the newspapers, he accepted
bribes when he was a high official of the government.
No comments:
Post a Comment